Resources
Blog & Insights
Perspectives on respondent quality, recruitment trends, transcription, and the future of market research.

Nov 19, 2025
The Future of Participant Experience (PX) in Qualitative Research - Focus Forward
November 19, 2025 The Future of Participant Experience (PX) in Qualitative Research Why the best insights start with a better experience for participants. A Shift from Research Design to Experience Design For years,…

Sep 3, 2025
The Healthcare Respondent Landscape: Who Are We Really Trying to Reach? - Focus Forward
September 3, 2025 The Healthcare Respondent Landscape: Who Are We Really Trying to Reach? Healthcare respondent recruiting isn’t just about filling quotas—it’s about connecting with people navigating complex medical…

Aug 6, 2025
The Power of Sticky: Finding the Best People for Ongoing Online Communities - Focus Forward
August 6, 2025 The Power of Sticky: Finding the Best People for Ongoing Online Communities Not all online panels are the same. While many panels have millions of members, and that is needed for large surveys, when it…

May 6, 2025
5 Tips for Successful Qualitative Project Management - Focus Forward
May 6, 2025 5 Tips for Successful Qualitative Project Management Recruiting for qualitative research is both an art and a science. Whether you’re lining up focus group participants, in-depth interviewees, or…

Mar 5, 2025
Recruiting Right: Ensuring Top-Notch Quality in Qualitative Research - Focus Forward
March 5, 2025 Recruiting Right: Ensuring Top-Notch Quality in Qualitative Research The depth of insight gained from participant interactions can significantly impact the validity and reliability of research findings in…

Jan 8, 2025
Best Practices for Recruiting Medical Professionals - Focus Forward
January 8, 2025 Best Practices for Recruiting Medical Professionals Recruiting medical professionals for market research studies can be both a rewarding and challenging process. As the healthcare industry becomes…

Dec 11, 2024
Building Block of Successful Research: Respondent Recruitment - Focus Forward
December 11, 2024 Building Block of Successful Research: Respondent Recruitment While conducting market research for your company’s product or service, respondent recruitment can be stressful and time-consuming.…

Nov 6, 2024
Effective Recruitment Strategies for IHUTs and Product Tests - Focus Forward
November 6, 2024 Effective Recruitment Strategies for IHUTs and Product Tests In the world of product development, the voice of the consumer is essential. To ensure that products resonate with target audiences, brands…

Oct 2, 2024
Preventing Respondent Fraud - Focus Forward
October 2, 2024 Preventing Respondent Fraud In the rapidly evolving landscape of market research, data integrity is paramount. Organizations rely on accurate insights to make informed decisions, develop strategies, and…

Sep 4, 2024
The Evolution of Focus Groups - Focus Forward
September 4, 2024 The Evolution of Focus Groups In the ever-evolving world of business, understanding consumer behavior is vital to success. To gain insights into consumer preferences and market trends, businesses have…

Aug 1, 2024
Streamlining your qualitative respondent recruitment - Focus Forward
August 1, 2024 Streamlining your qualitative respondent recruitment Rachael Lynn, Vice President Research studies are only as strong as the participants involved. Finding the right individuals who fit your specific…

Jul 23, 2024
Focus Forward Appoints Rachael Lynn to Vice President - Focus Forward
July 23, 2024 Focus Forward Appoints Rachael Lynn to Vice President Focus Forward is proud to announce Rachael Lynn is appointed Vice President. Lynn has consistently demonstrated her expertise and leadership throughout…

Oct 11, 2023
Cracking the Consumer Code: 5 Strategies For Respondent Recruitment - Focus Forward
October 11, 2023 Cracking the Consumer Code: 5 Strategies For Respondent Recruitment Consumer understanding is crucial for any business. That’s true when developing new products, refining messaging, or identifying new…

Oct 11, 2023
The benefits of in-person research - Focus Forward
October 11, 2023 The benefits of in-person research In-person research has some real advantages that are worth considering. Of course, the definition of in-person research is any research that is done on-site where…

Oct 11, 2023
The benefits of in-person research - Focus Forward
October 11, 2023 The benefits of in-person research In-person research has some real advantages that are worth considering. Of course, the definition of in-person research is any research that is done on-site where…

Sep 21, 2023
Verbatim Coding For Open Ends - Focus Forward
September 21, 2023 Verbatim Coding For Open Ends Being top of mind is so important for a brand, and assessing whether that is happening can provide invaluable insights. Open-ended questions are a great tool to…

Sep 6, 2023
How to choose between human transcription and AI transcription for your research project - Focus Forward
September 6, 2023 How to choose between human transcription and AI transcription for your research project Transcribing your research interviews is critical to getting the most out of your responses. But that also leads…

Aug 25, 2023
Online Qualitative Research: Easing Respondents into New Technology - Focus Forward
August 25, 2023 Online Qualitative Research: Easing Respondents into New Technology Brands are embracing online qualitative research for many projects, finding it effective and successful. Respondents are not always as…

Aug 25, 2023
What Is Online Research Recruitment? - Focus Forward
August 25, 2023 What Is Online Research Recruitment? To properly develop, produce, and market a product, you need to have research. You can outsource your research to save yourself time and money for project…

Aug 25, 2023
How Transcription in Research Can Benefit Your Research Project - Focus Forward
August 25, 2023 How Transcription in Research Can Benefit Your Research Project Whether someone is conducting a research project during their education or career, interviews are likely to play an important role in the…

Aug 25, 2023
Enhance Your Research Project with Top-Quality Participants: The Power of Qualitative Research Recruitment - Focus Forward
August 25, 2023 Enhance Your Research Project with Top-Quality Participants: The Power of Qualitative Research Recruitment Acing your qualitative research recruitment is so important to get the best possible…

Aug 25, 2023
Online Qualitative Research: Easing Respondents into New Technology - Focus Forward
August 25, 2023 Online Qualitative Research: Easing Respondents into New Technology Brands are embracing online qualitative research for many projects, finding it effective and successful. Respondents are not always as…

Mar 16, 2023
How Human Transcription Benefits Many Industries - Focus Forward
March 16, 2023 How Human Transcription Benefits Many Industries When it comes to transcribing spoken words into written content, the market currently offers two options: human and automated transcription services. There…

Nov 21, 2022
Importance of Research During a Recession - Focus Forward
November 21, 2022 Importance of Research During a Recession Businesses and consumers alike are preparing to get themselves through the impending recession. While financial experts expect it to be a short-lived…

Nov 13, 2022
Leveraging Email Marketing for Effective Recruitment Campaigns - Focus Forward
November 13, 2022 Leveraging Email Marketing for Effective Recruitment Campaigns Email marketing stands as a potent tool in the arsenal of modern recruiters, offering a direct line to prospective candidates. Leveraging…

Oct 20, 2022
4 Tips for Successful Respondent Care - Focus Forward
October 20, 2022 4 Tips for Successful Respondent Care The right respondents for a project are one of the critical components of successful market research and gaining insights. Still, feelings and expectations of the…

Aug 22, 2022
How It All Got Started - Focus Forward
August 22, 2022 How It All Got Started Focus Groups are a time tested and proven methodology to gain insights and help support choices and decisions. Before many products and services hit the market, they are often…

Aug 15, 2022
Focus Forward Realigns to Better Serve Client Needs - Focus Forward
August 15, 2022 Focus Forward Realigns to Better Serve Client Needs In the US, Focus Forward & FFTranscription has exciting announcements of several team members who have assumed roles as part of organizational change…

Jun 13, 2022
Three Rules of Engagement for Happy Respondents - Focus Forward
June 13, 2022 Three Rules of Engagement for Happy Respondents When conducting market research, the goal is to obtain valuable data and insights. To achieve this, engaged respondents are crucial. Every step of the way,…

May 31, 2022
Focus Forward Team News - Focus Forward
May 31, 2022 Focus Forward Team News Focus Forward Transcription is excited to announce several promotions in response to the growth of the speech to text division: Matt Devine to Director of Transcription, Chris…

May 2, 2022
Three Questions & You Will Hire the Right Qual Recruiter - Focus Forward
May 2, 2022 Three Questions & You Will Hire the Right Qual Recruiter At Focus Forward, we know what clients are looking for when they need assistance with qualitative recruitment. Here are three questions to ask that…

Mar 22, 2022
Helping Researchers Adapt With Industry Leading Transcription - Focus Forward
March 22, 2022 Helping Researchers Adapt With Industry Leading Transcription As the global pandemic has changed how people are doing business, market researchers have been continually adapting in 2022. A remote…

Mar 3, 2022
Luck Of The Irish! 5 St. Patrick’s Day Facts - Focus Forward
March 3, 2022 Luck Of The Irish! 5 St. Patrick’s Day Facts Celebrate Saint Patrick’s Day with us with some myth-busting facts about the special day and the Saint the holiday is all about! #1. St. Patrick Was Born in…

Feb 9, 2022
Tips for Recruiting Market Research Study Participants - Focus Forward
February 9, 2022 Tips for Recruiting Market Research Study Participants Businesses of all sizes depend on market research to provide data that allows them to make informed decisions. However, market research is only…

Feb 2, 2022
Why Human Transcription is Preferred - Focus Forward
February 2, 2022 Why Human Transcription is Preferred Interviews, meetings, podcasts – the list of conversations that a business might need to be transcribed goes on and on. When it’s time to have something transcribed,…

Jan 19, 2022
10 Most Translated Languages - Focus Forward
January 19, 2022 10 Most Translated Languages Language is a powerful tool–and when you have the ability to connect with people around the globe, it will do wonders for your business, research, product, or brand.…

Jan 11, 2022
Focus Forward Gets Federal Circuit Court Win Against TCPA Fax Lawsuit - Focus Forward
January 11, 2022 Focus Forward Gets Federal Circuit Court Win Against TCPA Fax Lawsuit As it appeared on Insights Association By Howard Fienberg A new federal court decision dismissing junk fax litigation against a…

Dec 15, 2021
2021 Words of the Year - Focus Forward
December 15, 2021 2021 Words of the Year To define a whole year with just a single word, Merriam-Webster uses data to determine what the top word for that year was. Unsurprisingly, Merriam-Webster chose “pandemic” for…

Dec 7, 2021
Hello, 2022–Why Do We Celebrate New Year’s Eve? - Focus Forward
December 7, 2021 Hello, 2022–Why Do We Celebrate New Year’s Eve? After the year 2021 has turned out to be, many of us cannot wait to celebrate 2022 and a fresh start. But why do we celebrate New Year’s Eve anyway?…

Nov 17, 2021
Top 3 Tips to Ensure the Best Transcripts - Focus Forward
November 17, 2021 Top 3 Tips to Ensure the Best Transcripts We at Focus Foward understand how advantageous high-quality transcripts can be for a research study, legal proceeding, or even personal notes taken from audio.…

Nov 12, 2021
When Hiring A Transcription Company Knowing Your Industry is Critical To Success - Focus Forward
November 12, 2021 When Hiring A Transcription Company Knowing Your Industry is Critical To Success Every industry has its own language, formats, standards and expected turnaround times. When choosing a transcription…

Nov 10, 2021
How Transcripts Can Help Your Website - Focus Forward
November 10, 2021 How Transcripts Can Help Your Website Anyone who produces video and audio content online should understand the value that transcripts can provide for their website. Creating video/audio posts takes…

Nov 3, 2021
The Evolution of Market Research – Part 2 - Focus Forward
November 3, 2021 The Evolution of Market Research – Part 2 We’ve already covered the evolution of market research up to the mid-century. While the early decades of market research saw many new trends and changes over…

Nov 2, 2021
Top 5 Essential Tips for Remote Working Productivity - Focus Forward
November 2, 2021 Top 5 Essential Tips for Remote Working Productivity Working at home is a big change for many of us in 2020! The Focus Forward team has always been a hybrid of in-office and virtual work. Still, many of…

Oct 27, 2021
The Evolution of Market Research – Part 1 - Focus Forward
October 27, 2021 The Evolution of Market Research – Part 1 Market research is not a recent development. It goes back further than many might realize, evolving over many decades. Of course, the history of market research…

Oct 25, 2021
The Future of Transcription - Focus Forward
October 25, 2021 The Future of Transcription Transcription services are more important than ever as time is stretched in 2020. Online corporate meetings, online education, Web-Based Platform Interviews medical…

Oct 13, 2021
Tips to De-Stress While Working from Home - Focus Forward
October 13, 2021 Tips to De-Stress While Working from Home With the unpredictability of this past year, many of our homes have now become our workplaces; a realization that, for a lot of us, was challenging to adapt at…

Oct 7, 2021
Your Online Group – Respondent Focused - Focus Forward
October 7, 2021 Your Online Group – Respondent Focused Respondents for online and in-person research are critically important to the success of the overall project. While our clients and the brands engaging us to help…

Oct 6, 2021
How to Make Videos Searchable and Accessible - Focus Forward
October 6, 2021 How to Make Videos Searchable and Accessible Videos allow people to learn wherever and whenever they want. An important factor to consider when producing a video, aside from the actual content, is…

Sep 29, 2021
Team FFT’s Favorite Do and Don’t Tips To Boost Your Transcripts! - Focus Forward
September 29, 2021 Team FFT’s Favorite Do and Don’t Tips To Boost Your Transcripts! What a year! Changes are everywhere and figuring out the best ways to make change work for you takes time and can be a challenge. We…

Sep 22, 2021
Benefits of Mobile Market Research for Respondents - Focus Forward
September 22, 2021 Benefits of Mobile Market Research for Respondents This changing time has encouraged all industries to adapt to a new type of normal, and, as we have discussed in the past, market research is no…

Sep 22, 2021
How to Generate Searchable Content from Your Audio & Video - Focus Forward
September 22, 2021 How to Generate Searchable Content from Your Audio & Video At FFTranscription, we understand that there are many reasons for businesses in all industries to produce audio and video content. Whether…

Sep 15, 2021
3 Tips to Recruit Respondents That Are A Great Fit - Focus Forward
September 15, 2021 3 Tips to Recruit Respondents That Are A Great Fit When conducting qualitative market research, it’s a critical component to the success of your project that you have quality respondents. Excellent…

Sep 15, 2021
The History of Closed Captioning: The Analog Era to Today - Focus Forward
September 15, 2021 The History of Closed Captioning: The Analog Era to Today We’ve all heard of closed captioning before and have likely used it from time to time. For most of the videos available to watch, whether it’s…

Sep 8, 2021
3 of the Best Tips for Screening - Focus Forward
September 8, 2021 3 of the Best Tips for Screening Recruitment is an essential part of market research for businesses in many industries. The proper screening and recruitment of respondents to determine the best fit for…

Sep 1, 2021
Academic Transcription and Increasing Accessibility - Focus Forward
September 1, 2021 Academic Transcription and Increasing Accessibility There are some simple steps you can take to increase the accessibility of your educational videos. Doing so not only makes good business sense but…

Jul 14, 2021
3 Tips to Avoid Common Missteps in Transcription - Focus Forward
July 14, 2021 3 Tips to Avoid Common Missteps in Transcription Several factors contribute to the quality of an audio recording, to make it either very clear or inaudible. Considering most transcriptions are for…

Jun 30, 2021
3 Ways To Boost Efficiency While Working Remotely - Focus Forward
June 30, 2021 3 Ways To Boost Efficiency While Working Remotely There seems to be a light at the end of the tunnel for the coronavirus pandemic, but that doesn’t mean remote work is going away anytime soon. In fact,…

Jun 23, 2021
The Most Translated Books in the World - Focus Forward
June 23, 2021 The Most Translated Books in the World There is no greater joy than becoming immersed in a world that is outside of our own. From historical to scientific to romance, books are the key to a well-rounded…

Jun 16, 2021
3 Ways Transcription Helps Your Marketing Research - Focus Forward
June 16, 2021 3 Ways Transcription Helps Your Marketing Research Market research transcription is an important part of a research study! Whether transcripts are in WORD you are working from your company format or one…

Jun 2, 2021
4 Product Testing Tips For Today - Focus Forward
June 2, 2021 4 Product Testing Tips For Today Be it controlled environments like an in-person focus group or a hybrid model, respondents’ product testing experience and views are necessary to get you the valuable…

May 26, 2021
Where will Transcription be in 2030? - Focus Forward
May 26, 2021 Where will Transcription be in 2030? Picture this: rows of workstations lining the office, secretaries coming with their shorthand speeches in tow, ready to type them for their bosses. Imagine the keyboard…

May 19, 2021
Recruiting Baby Boomers For Online Qual - Focus Forward
May 19, 2021 Recruiting Baby Boomers For Online Qual The past year has had both significant challenges and improvements in market research! Almost every industry has increased their emphasis on technology, including…

May 5, 2021
5 Reasons Busy Law Firms Need Legal Transcription - Focus Forward
May 5, 2021 5 Reasons Busy Law Firms Need Legal Transcription Whether you are taking on corporate giants by fighting for the everyday man and woman, or are fighting for the rights of victims, your law firm is busy. And,…

Apr 28, 2021
Recruiting Little Kids - Focus Forward
April 28, 2021 Recruiting Little Kids From tiny voices to loud personalities, these fun and funny kids often have the most direct, honest, and sometimes really amusing views to share. Engaging parents so they are…

Apr 20, 2021
Physician & Patient Recruitment: What to Look For - Focus Forward
April 20, 2021 Physician & Patient Recruitment: What to Look For When it comes to the recruitment of medical studies, firms with experience in this area bring their industry expertise to finding the health care…

Apr 14, 2021
5 Tips for Virtual Meeting Success - Focus Forward
April 14, 2021 5 Tips for Virtual Meeting Success While many companies and businesses were trending toward virtual teams and virtual meeting, social distancing has suddenly made Tele and Video Conferencing our new way…

Apr 14, 2021
4 Tips To Better Understand Qualitative Recruitment - Focus Forward
April 14, 2021 4 Tips To Better Understand Qualitative Recruitment At Focus Forward, we recruit respondents for all types of qualitative marketing research. Our strength is nationwide recruitment, so we are most helpful…

Apr 7, 2021
Top Three Ways To Recruit Gen Z - Focus Forward
April 7, 2021 Top Three Ways To Recruit Gen Z Gen Z is the newest generation, born between 1997 and 2012-2015, depending on who you ask. While each generation has unique characteristics, market researchers have found…

Mar 24, 2021
Transcriber Tips for Simultaneous Translation - Focus Forward
March 24, 2021 Transcriber Tips for Simultaneous Translation Technology has enabled market research to happen easily on a global scale – almost anyone with a WIFI connection can participate. With more flexibility in…

Mar 10, 2021
Top 4 Challenges of DIY Qualitative Recruitment - Focus Forward
March 10, 2021 Top 4 Challenges of DIY Qualitative Recruitment With tight budgets, we understand that it can be tempting to save in areas where it seems like your internal team can just work harder to complete the…

Feb 24, 2021
Three Ways Social Media Supports Qualitative Recruiting - Focus Forward
February 24, 2021 Three Ways Social Media Supports Qualitative Recruiting As researchers, finding new people who come to marketing research for the first time offer perspectives that are helpful to brands, and we want…

Feb 17, 2021
Repeaters and Cheaters: Five Qualitative Recruitment Tips To Help - Focus Forward
February 17, 2021 Repeaters and Cheaters: Five Qualitative Recruitment Tips To Help Talking one-on-one with a respondent, a handful of people, or a large group of respondents is a time-tested process for researchers and…

Feb 10, 2021
Valuing Respondents Three Incentive Tips - Focus Forward
February 10, 2021 Valuing Respondents Three Incentive Tips Incentives are a critical part of research! Engaged respondents who dedicate their time and energy to help your client reach their goals are important.…

Feb 6, 2021
How to Find Outliers in Your Research Data - Focus Forward
February 6, 2021 How to Find Outliers in Your Research Data Having an outlier can mean different things depending on the context, but with data, it almost always means the same thing. It’s the data point or points that…

Jan 27, 2021
Four Online Respondent Research Tips - Focus Forward
January 27, 2021 Four Online Respondent Research Tips Online focus groups are happening! In places where in-person research is not as easy right now or where online methodology is a better fit for the project, our team…

Dec 29, 2020
Different Types of Online Qualitative Platforms - Focus Forward
December 29, 2020 Different Types of Online Qualitative Platforms In any industry, you need to know what consumers are thinking to know how to serve them and give them what they need. Market research helps you obtain…

Dec 16, 2020
Most Used Words of 2020 - Focus Forward
December 16, 2020 Most Used Words of 2020 2020 may not be over yet, but many of us are already looking toward the new year for a fresh start, a new beginning, and a robust return! But before we can leap into 2021, we…

Nov 30, 2020
Storytelling for Market Research - Focus Forward
November 30, 2020 Storytelling for Market Research Storytelling has existed for thousands of years. Humans have always relied on storytelling in various forms to communicate with one another. From ancient Egyptian…

Nov 1, 2020
5 Industries that Can Benefit from Transcription Services - Focus Forward
November 1, 2020 5 Industries that Can Benefit from Transcription Services Many businesses might be unaware of how they can benefit from using online transcription services. A reliable transcription company is a great…

Oct 21, 2020
3 Reasons Why You Should Outsource Survey Research - Focus Forward
October 21, 2020 3 Reasons Why You Should Outsource Survey Research Audience research takes time, and when you’re a marketing, medical, scientific research company, etc., every second counts. You need research on your…

Oct 14, 2020
Save Time! 5 Transcription Tasks to Outsource Today - Focus Forward
October 14, 2020 Save Time! 5 Transcription Tasks to Outsource Today Time is so important! It is the most valuable asset you have, and how you spend your day moving your company and your clients forward is important.…

Sep 28, 2020
Still At Home – WORKING! OMG… - Focus Forward
September 28, 2020 Still At Home – WORKING! OMG… Five Tips to Keep Most of Your Sanity Working at home for many can be productive, convenient and even relaxing! Still, to those of us who were road warriors, worked from…

Sep 25, 2020
Are All Outliers Bad Research Data? - Focus Forward
September 25, 2020 Are All Outliers Bad Research Data? When we were children in our science classes, many of us conducted experiments where we had to record the results of multiple events or the same event repeated.…

Sep 23, 2020
What are In-Home Use Tests? - Focus Forward
September 23, 2020 What are In-Home Use Tests? Various forms of market research give businesses a better idea of how consumers feel about their products. While many methods give researchers the vital information they…

Sep 8, 2020
What Is Considered Bad Research Data? - Focus Forward
September 8, 2020 What Is Considered Bad Research Data? There’s a common phrase in marketing that all press is good press, but not all data that informs marketing is good data. Across all industries, from marketing to…

Aug 6, 2020
Paid And Sent Respondent Care in COVID - Focus Forward
August 6, 2020 Paid And Sent Respondent Care in COVID Paid & Sent – For over 17 years we have been recruiting respondents for all types of marketing research, including online focus groups, TDIs, in person research,…

Jul 20, 2020
Empathy in Qualitative Recruiting - Focus Forward
July 20, 2020 Empathy in Qualitative Recruiting Our clients and the brands that have entrusted them to find insights and ways to understand how their products and services exist and are perceived in the market are of…

Jul 16, 2020
When Do You Want Qualitative Data Instead of Quantitative Data? - Focus Forward
July 16, 2020 When Do You Want Qualitative Data Instead of Quantitative Data? You likely already know the difference between qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research records subjective/nonnormative…

Jun 18, 2020
What is Online Qualitative Recruitment? - Focus Forward
June 18, 2020 What is Online Qualitative Recruitment? Regardless of the industry you’re in, you need market research if you intend on growing your business. The success of any business depends on how it appeals to its…

May 28, 2020
What Can You Learn From Quantitative Data? - Focus Forward
May 28, 2020 What Can You Learn From Quantitative Data? There’s a qualitative and quantitative aspect to most research, especially when it comes to researching a population of people. Surveys, pools, experiments, and…

May 21, 2020
How is Market Research Beneficial for Startups? - Focus Forward
May 21, 2020 How is Market Research Beneficial for Startups? New businesses are created all the time. Of course, starting a new business isn’t easy, so they need all the help and resources they can get. If you have…

Apr 9, 2020
Primary vs. Secondary Research - Focus Forward
April 9, 2020 Primary vs. Secondary Research You likely already know that market research depends on data. Market researchers perform studies to collect vital data that businesses can use to make informed decisions.…

Feb 13, 2020
How to Increase Survey Response Rates - Focus Forward
February 13, 2020 How to Increase Survey Response Rates Surveys help businesses collect important information from their market. A lot of work goes into creating surveys to ensure that you’re obtaining the information…

Jan 15, 2020
Why You Need Professional Translation Services - Focus Forward
January 15, 2020 Why You Need Professional Translation Services Today, providing content in various languages is important for many businesses. Even if you don’t have an international market, people speak many languages…

Nov 8, 2019
Transcription Services for Focus Groups - Focus Forward
November 8, 2019 Transcription Services for Focus Groups Focus group transcription saves time, cost, and also provides exact quotes from the respondents. With the conversation moving fast in a large group, it can be…

